Remove unused code
[rtmpclient.git] / app / src / main / jni / libusb / libusb / os / linux_usbfs.c
diff --git a/app/src/main/jni/libusb/libusb/os/linux_usbfs.c b/app/src/main/jni/libusb/libusb/os/linux_usbfs.c
deleted file mode 100644 (file)
index 5ad6129..0000000
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2621 +0,0 @@
-/* -*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset:8 ; indent-tabs-mode:t -*- */
-/*
- * Linux usbfs backend for libusb
- * Copyright © 2007-2009 Daniel Drake <dsd@gentoo.org>
- * Copyright © 2001 Johannes Erdfelt <johannes@erdfelt.com>
- * Copyright © 2013 Nathan Hjelm <hjelmn@mac.com>
- * Copyright © 2012-2013 Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com>
- *
- * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
- * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
- * Lesser General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
- * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
- */
-
-#include "config.h"
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/utsname.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include "libusb.h"
-#include "libusbi.h"
-#include "linux_usbfs.h"
-
-/* sysfs vs usbfs:
- * opening a usbfs node causes the device to be resumed, so we attempt to
- * avoid this during enumeration.
- *
- * sysfs allows us to read the kernel's in-memory copies of device descriptors
- * and so forth, avoiding the need to open the device:
- *  - The binary "descriptors" file contains all config descriptors since
- *    2.6.26, commit 217a9081d8e69026186067711131b77f0ce219ed
- *  - The binary "descriptors" file was added in 2.6.23, commit
- *    69d42a78f935d19384d1f6e4f94b65bb162b36df, but it only contains the
- *    active config descriptors
- *  - The "busnum" file was added in 2.6.22, commit
- *    83f7d958eab2fbc6b159ee92bf1493924e1d0f72
- *  - The "devnum" file has been present since pre-2.6.18
- *  - the "bConfigurationValue" file has been present since pre-2.6.18
- *
- * If we have bConfigurationValue, busnum, and devnum, then we can determine
- * the active configuration without having to open the usbfs node in RDWR mode.
- * The busnum file is important as that is the only way we can relate sysfs
- * devices to usbfs nodes.
- *
- * If we also have all descriptors, we can obtain the device descriptor and
- * configuration without touching usbfs at all.
- */
-
-/* endianness for multi-byte fields:
- *
- * Descriptors exposed by usbfs have the multi-byte fields in the device
- * descriptor as host endian. Multi-byte fields in the other descriptors are
- * bus-endian. The kernel documentation says otherwise, but it is wrong.
- *
- * In sysfs all descriptors are bus-endian.
- */
-
-static const char *usbfs_path = NULL;
-
-/* use usbdev*.* device names in /dev instead of the usbfs bus directories */
-static int usbdev_names = 0;
-
-/* Linux 2.6.32 adds support for a bulk continuation URB flag. this basically
- * allows us to mark URBs as being part of a specific logical transfer when
- * we submit them to the kernel. then, on any error except a cancellation, all
- * URBs within that transfer will be cancelled and no more URBs will be
- * accepted for the transfer, meaning that no more data can creep in.
- *
- * The BULK_CONTINUATION flag must be set on all URBs within a bulk transfer
- * (in either direction) except the first.
- * For IN transfers, we must also set SHORT_NOT_OK on all URBs except the
- * last; it means that the kernel should treat a short reply as an error.
- * For OUT transfers, SHORT_NOT_OK must not be set. it isn't needed (OUT
- * transfers can't be short unless there's already some sort of error), and
- * setting this flag is disallowed (a kernel with USB debugging enabled will
- * reject such URBs).
- */
-static int supports_flag_bulk_continuation = -1;
-
-/* Linux 2.6.31 fixes support for the zero length packet URB flag. This
- * allows us to mark URBs that should be followed by a zero length data
- * packet, which can be required by device- or class-specific protocols.
- */
-static int supports_flag_zero_packet = -1;
-
-/* clock ID for monotonic clock, as not all clock sources are available on all
- * systems. appropriate choice made at initialization time. */
-static clockid_t monotonic_clkid = -1;
-
-/* Linux 2.6.22 (commit 83f7d958eab2fbc6b159ee92bf1493924e1d0f72) adds a busnum
- * to sysfs, so we can relate devices. This also implies that we can read
- * the active configuration through bConfigurationValue */
-static int sysfs_can_relate_devices = -1;
-
-/* Linux 2.6.26 (commit 217a9081d8e69026186067711131b77f0ce219ed) adds all
- * config descriptors (rather then just the active config) to the sysfs
- * descriptors file, so from then on we can use them. */
-static int sysfs_has_descriptors = -1;
-
-/* how many times have we initted (and not exited) ? */
-static volatile int init_count = 0;
-
-/* Serialize hotplug start/stop */
-usbi_mutex_static_t linux_hotplug_startstop_lock = USBI_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-/* Serialize scan-devices, event-thread, and poll */
-usbi_mutex_static_t linux_hotplug_lock = USBI_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-
-static int linux_start_event_monitor(void);
-static int linux_stop_event_monitor(void);
-static int linux_scan_devices(struct libusb_context *ctx);
-static int sysfs_scan_device(struct libusb_context *ctx, const char *devname);
-static int detach_kernel_driver_and_claim(struct libusb_device_handle *, int);
-
-#if !defined(USE_UDEV)
-static int linux_default_scan_devices (struct libusb_context *ctx);
-#endif
-
-struct linux_device_priv {
-       char *sysfs_dir;
-       unsigned char *descriptors;
-       int descriptors_len;
-       int active_config; /* cache val for !sysfs_can_relate_devices  */
-};
-
-struct linux_device_handle_priv {
-       int fd;
-       uint32_t caps;
-};
-
-enum reap_action {
-       NORMAL = 0,
-       /* submission failed after the first URB, so await cancellation/completion
-        * of all the others */
-       SUBMIT_FAILED,
-
-       /* cancelled by user or timeout */
-       CANCELLED,
-
-       /* completed multi-URB transfer in non-final URB */
-       COMPLETED_EARLY,
-
-       /* one or more urbs encountered a low-level error */
-       ERROR,
-};
-
-struct linux_transfer_priv {
-       union {
-               struct usbfs_urb *urbs;
-               struct usbfs_urb **iso_urbs;
-       };
-
-       enum reap_action reap_action;
-       int num_urbs;
-       int num_retired;
-       enum libusb_transfer_status reap_status;
-
-       /* next iso packet in user-supplied transfer to be populated */
-       int iso_packet_offset;
-};
-
-static int _get_usbfs_fd(struct libusb_device *dev, mode_t mode, int silent)
-{
-       struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-       char path[PATH_MAX];
-       int fd;
-       int delay = 10000;
-
-       if (usbdev_names)
-               snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/usbdev%d.%d",
-                       usbfs_path, dev->bus_number, dev->device_address);
-       else
-               snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%03d/%03d",
-                       usbfs_path, dev->bus_number, dev->device_address);
-
-       fd = open(path, mode);
-       if (fd != -1)
-               return fd; /* Success */
-
-       if (errno == ENOENT) {
-               if (!silent) 
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "File doesn't exist, wait %d ms and try again\n", delay/1000);
-   
-               /* Wait 10ms for USB device path creation.*/
-               usleep(delay);
-
-               fd = open(path, mode);
-               if (fd != -1)
-                       return fd; /* Success */
-       }
-       
-       if (!silent) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "libusb couldn't open USB device %s: %s",
-                        path, strerror(errno));
-               if (errno == EACCES && mode == O_RDWR)
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "libusb requires write access to USB "
-                                     "device nodes.");
-       }
-
-       if (errno == EACCES)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_ACCESS;
-       if (errno == ENOENT)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-       return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-}
-
-static struct linux_device_priv *_device_priv(struct libusb_device *dev)
-{
-       return (struct linux_device_priv *) dev->os_priv;
-}
-
-static struct linux_device_handle_priv *_device_handle_priv(
-       struct libusb_device_handle *handle)
-{
-       return (struct linux_device_handle_priv *) handle->os_priv;
-}
-
-/* check dirent for a /dev/usbdev%d.%d name
- * optionally return bus/device on success */
-static int _is_usbdev_entry(struct dirent *entry, int *bus_p, int *dev_p)
-{
-       int busnum, devnum;
-
-       if (sscanf(entry->d_name, "usbdev%d.%d", &busnum, &devnum) != 2)
-               return 0;
-
-       usbi_dbg("found: %s", entry->d_name);
-       if (bus_p != NULL)
-               *bus_p = busnum;
-       if (dev_p != NULL)
-               *dev_p = devnum;
-       return 1;
-}
-
-static int check_usb_vfs(const char *dirname)
-{
-       DIR *dir;
-       struct dirent *entry;
-       int found = 0;
-
-       dir = opendir(dirname);
-       if (!dir)
-               return 0;
-
-       while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
-               if (entry->d_name[0] == '.')
-                       continue;
-
-               /* We assume if we find any files that it must be the right place */
-               found = 1;
-               break;
-       }
-
-       closedir(dir);
-       return found;
-}
-
-static const char *find_usbfs_path(void)
-{
-       const char *path = "/dev/bus/usb";
-       const char *ret = NULL;
-
-       if (check_usb_vfs(path)) {
-               ret = path;
-       } else {
-               path = "/proc/bus/usb";
-               if (check_usb_vfs(path))
-                       ret = path;
-       }
-
-       /* look for /dev/usbdev*.* if the normal places fail */
-       if (ret == NULL) {
-               struct dirent *entry;
-               DIR *dir;
-
-               path = "/dev";
-               dir = opendir(path);
-               if (dir != NULL) {
-                       while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
-                               if (_is_usbdev_entry(entry, NULL, NULL)) {
-                                       /* found one; that's enough */
-                                       ret = path;
-                                       usbdev_names = 1;
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       closedir(dir);
-               }
-       }
-
-       if (ret != NULL)
-               usbi_dbg("found usbfs at %s", ret);
-
-       return ret;
-}
-
-/* the monotonic clock is not usable on all systems (e.g. embedded ones often
- * seem to lack it). fall back to REALTIME if we have to. */
-static clockid_t find_monotonic_clock(void)
-{
-#ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
-       struct timespec ts;
-       int r;
-
-       /* Linux 2.6.28 adds CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW but we don't use it
-        * because it's not available through timerfd */
-       r = clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
-       if (r == 0)
-               return CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
-       usbi_dbg("monotonic clock doesn't work, errno %d", errno);
-#endif
-
-       return CLOCK_REALTIME;
-}
-
-static int kernel_version_ge(int major, int minor, int sublevel)
-{
-       struct utsname uts;
-       int atoms, kmajor, kminor, ksublevel;
-
-       if (uname(&uts) < 0)
-               return -1;
-       atoms = sscanf(uts.release, "%d.%d.%d", &kmajor, &kminor, &ksublevel);
-       if (atoms < 1)
-               return -1;
-
-       if (kmajor > major)
-               return 1;
-       if (kmajor < major)
-               return 0;
-
-       /* kmajor == major */
-       if (atoms < 2)
-               return 0 == minor && 0 == sublevel;
-       if (kminor > minor)
-               return 1;
-       if (kminor < minor)
-               return 0;
-
-       /* kminor == minor */
-       if (atoms < 3)
-               return 0 == sublevel;
-
-       return ksublevel >= sublevel;
-}
-
-static int op_init(struct libusb_context *ctx)
-{
-       struct stat statbuf;
-       int r;
-
-       usbfs_path = find_usbfs_path();
-       if (!usbfs_path) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "could not find usbfs");
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       if (monotonic_clkid == -1)
-               monotonic_clkid = find_monotonic_clock();
-
-       if (supports_flag_bulk_continuation == -1) {
-               /* bulk continuation URB flag available from Linux 2.6.32 */
-               supports_flag_bulk_continuation = kernel_version_ge(2,6,32);
-               if (supports_flag_bulk_continuation == -1) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "error checking for bulk continuation support");
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               }
-       }
-
-       if (supports_flag_bulk_continuation)
-               usbi_dbg("bulk continuation flag supported");
-
-       if (-1 == supports_flag_zero_packet) {
-               /* zero length packet URB flag fixed since Linux 2.6.31 */
-               supports_flag_zero_packet = kernel_version_ge(2,6,31);
-               if (-1 == supports_flag_zero_packet) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "error checking for zero length packet support");
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               }
-       }
-
-       if (supports_flag_zero_packet)
-               usbi_dbg("zero length packet flag supported");
-
-       if (-1 == sysfs_has_descriptors) {
-               /* sysfs descriptors has all descriptors since Linux 2.6.26 */
-               sysfs_has_descriptors = kernel_version_ge(2,6,26);
-               if (-1 == sysfs_has_descriptors) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "error checking for sysfs descriptors");
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               }
-       }
-
-       if (-1 == sysfs_can_relate_devices) {
-               /* sysfs has busnum since Linux 2.6.22 */
-               sysfs_can_relate_devices = kernel_version_ge(2,6,22);
-               if (-1 == sysfs_can_relate_devices) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "error checking for sysfs busnum");
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               }
-       }
-
-       if (sysfs_can_relate_devices || sysfs_has_descriptors) {
-               r = stat(SYSFS_DEVICE_PATH, &statbuf);
-               if (r != 0 || !S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode)) {
-                       usbi_warn(ctx, "sysfs not mounted");
-                       sysfs_can_relate_devices = 0;
-                       sysfs_has_descriptors = 0;
-               }
-       }
-
-       if (sysfs_can_relate_devices)
-               usbi_dbg("sysfs can relate devices");
-
-       if (sysfs_has_descriptors)
-               usbi_dbg("sysfs has complete descriptors");
-
-       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&linux_hotplug_startstop_lock);
-       r = LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       if (init_count == 0) {
-               /* start up hotplug event handler */
-               r = linux_start_event_monitor();
-       }
-       if (r == LIBUSB_SUCCESS) {
-               r = linux_scan_devices(ctx);
-               if (r == LIBUSB_SUCCESS)
-                       init_count++;
-               else if (init_count == 0)
-                       linux_stop_event_monitor();
-       } else
-               usbi_err(ctx, "error starting hotplug event monitor");
-       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&linux_hotplug_startstop_lock);
-
-       return r;
-}
-
-static void op_exit(void)
-{
-       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&linux_hotplug_startstop_lock);
-       assert(init_count != 0);
-       if (!--init_count) {
-               /* tear down event handler */
-               (void)linux_stop_event_monitor();
-       }
-       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&linux_hotplug_startstop_lock);
-}
-
-static int linux_start_event_monitor(void)
-{
-#if defined(USE_UDEV)
-       return linux_udev_start_event_monitor();
-#else
-       return linux_netlink_start_event_monitor();
-#endif
-}
-
-static int linux_stop_event_monitor(void)
-{
-#if defined(USE_UDEV)
-       return linux_udev_stop_event_monitor();
-#else
-       return linux_netlink_stop_event_monitor();
-#endif
-}
-
-static int linux_scan_devices(struct libusb_context *ctx)
-{
-       int ret;
-
-       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&linux_hotplug_lock);
-
-#if defined(USE_UDEV)
-       ret = linux_udev_scan_devices(ctx);
-#else
-       ret = linux_default_scan_devices(ctx);
-#endif
-
-       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&linux_hotplug_lock);
-
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static void op_hotplug_poll(void)
-{
-#if defined(USE_UDEV)
-       linux_udev_hotplug_poll();
-#else
-       linux_netlink_hotplug_poll();
-#endif
-}
-
-static int _open_sysfs_attr(struct libusb_device *dev, const char *attr)
-{
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-       char filename[PATH_MAX];
-       int fd;
-
-       snprintf(filename, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s/%s",
-               SYSFS_DEVICE_PATH, priv->sysfs_dir, attr);
-       fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
-       if (fd < 0) {
-               usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev),
-                       "open %s failed ret=%d errno=%d", filename, fd, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       return fd;
-}
-
-/* Note only suitable for attributes which always read >= 0, < 0 is error */
-static int __read_sysfs_attr(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-       const char *devname, const char *attr)
-{
-       char filename[PATH_MAX];
-       FILE *f;
-       int r, value;
-
-       snprintf(filename, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s/%s", SYSFS_DEVICE_PATH,
-                devname, attr);
-       f = fopen(filename, "r");
-       if (f == NULL) {
-               if (errno == ENOENT) {
-                       /* File doesn't exist. Assume the device has been
-                          disconnected (see trac ticket #70). */
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-               }
-               usbi_err(ctx, "open %s failed errno=%d", filename, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       r = fscanf(f, "%d", &value);
-       fclose(f);
-       if (r != 1) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "fscanf %s returned %d, errno=%d", attr, r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE; /* For unplug race (trac #70) */
-       }
-       if (value < 0) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "%s contains a negative value", filename);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       return value;
-}
-
-static int op_get_device_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev,
-       unsigned char *buffer, int *host_endian)
-{
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-
-       *host_endian = sysfs_has_descriptors ? 0 : 1;
-       memcpy(buffer, priv->descriptors, DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH);
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-/* read the bConfigurationValue for a device */
-static int sysfs_get_active_config(struct libusb_device *dev, int *config)
-{
-       char *endptr;
-       char tmp[5] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-       long num;
-       int fd;
-       ssize_t r;
-
-       fd = _open_sysfs_attr(dev, "bConfigurationValue");
-       if (fd < 0)
-               return fd;
-
-       r = read(fd, tmp, sizeof(tmp));
-       close(fd);
-       if (r < 0) {
-               usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev),
-                       "read bConfigurationValue failed ret=%d errno=%d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       } else if (r == 0) {
-               usbi_dbg("device unconfigured");
-               *config = -1;
-               return 0;
-       }
-
-       if (tmp[sizeof(tmp) - 1] != 0) {
-               usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "not null-terminated?");
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       } else if (tmp[0] == 0) {
-               usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "no configuration value?");
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       num = strtol(tmp, &endptr, 10);
-       if (endptr == tmp) {
-               usbi_err(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "error converting '%s' to integer", tmp);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       *config = (int) num;
-       return 0;
-}
-
-int linux_get_device_address (struct libusb_context *ctx, int detached,
-       uint8_t *busnum, uint8_t *devaddr,const char *dev_node,
-       const char *sys_name)
-{
-       int sysfs_attr;
-
-       usbi_dbg("getting address for device: %s detached: %d", sys_name, detached);
-       /* can't use sysfs to read the bus and device number if the
-        * device has been detached */
-       if (!sysfs_can_relate_devices || detached || NULL == sys_name) {
-               if (NULL == dev_node) {
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               }
-
-               /* will this work with all supported kernel versions? */
-               if (!strncmp(dev_node, "/dev/bus/usb", 12)) {
-                       sscanf (dev_node, "/dev/bus/usb/%hhd/%hhd", busnum, devaddr);
-               } else if (!strncmp(dev_node, "/proc/bus/usb", 13)) {
-                       sscanf (dev_node, "/proc/bus/usb/%hhd/%hhd", busnum, devaddr);
-               }
-
-               return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       }
-
-       usbi_dbg("scan %s", sys_name);
-
-       sysfs_attr = __read_sysfs_attr(ctx, sys_name, "busnum");
-       if (0 > sysfs_attr)
-               return sysfs_attr;
-       if (sysfs_attr > 255)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-       *busnum = (uint8_t) sysfs_attr;
-
-       sysfs_attr = __read_sysfs_attr(ctx, sys_name, "devnum");
-       if (0 > sysfs_attr)
-               return sysfs_attr;
-       if (sysfs_attr > 255)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-       *devaddr = (uint8_t) sysfs_attr;
-
-       usbi_dbg("bus=%d dev=%d", *busnum, *devaddr);
-
-       return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-/* Return offset of the next descriptor with the given type */
-static int seek_to_next_descriptor(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-       uint8_t descriptor_type, unsigned char *buffer, int size)
-{
-       struct usb_descriptor_header header;
-       int i;
-
-       for (i = 0; size >= 0; i += header.bLength, size -= header.bLength) {
-               if (size == 0)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-
-               if (size < 2) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "short descriptor read %d/2", size);
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-               }
-               usbi_parse_descriptor(buffer + i, "bb", &header, 0);
-
-               if (i && header.bDescriptorType == descriptor_type)
-                       return i;
-       }
-       usbi_err(ctx, "bLength overflow by %d bytes", -size);
-       return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-}
-
-/* Return offset to next config */
-static int seek_to_next_config(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-       unsigned char *buffer, int size)
-{
-       struct libusb_config_descriptor config;
-
-       if (size == 0)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-
-       if (size < LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG_SIZE) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "short descriptor read %d/%d",
-                        size, LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG_SIZE);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       usbi_parse_descriptor(buffer, "bbwbbbbb", &config, 0);
-       if (config.bDescriptorType != LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "descriptor is not a config desc (type 0x%02x)",
-                        config.bDescriptorType);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       /*
-        * In usbfs the config descriptors are config.wTotalLength bytes apart,
-        * with any short reads from the device appearing as holes in the file.
-        *
-        * In sysfs wTotalLength is ignored, instead the kernel returns a
-        * config descriptor with verified bLength fields, with descriptors
-        * with an invalid bLength removed.
-        */
-       if (sysfs_has_descriptors) {
-               int next = seek_to_next_descriptor(ctx, LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG,
-                                                  buffer, size);
-               if (next == LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND)
-                       next = size;
-               if (next < 0)
-                       return next;
-
-               if (next != config.wTotalLength)
-                       usbi_warn(ctx, "config length mismatch wTotalLength "
-                                 "%d real %d", config.wTotalLength, next);
-               return next;
-       } else {
-               if (config.wTotalLength < LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG_SIZE) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "invalid wTotalLength %d",
-                                config.wTotalLength);
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-               } else if (config.wTotalLength > size) {
-                       usbi_warn(ctx, "short descriptor read %d/%d",
-                                 size, config.wTotalLength);
-                       return size;
-               } else
-                       return config.wTotalLength;
-       }
-}
-
-static int op_get_config_descriptor_by_value(struct libusb_device *dev,
-       uint8_t value, unsigned char **buffer, int *host_endian)
-{
-       struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-       unsigned char *descriptors = priv->descriptors;
-       int size = priv->descriptors_len;
-       struct libusb_config_descriptor *config;
-
-       *buffer = NULL;
-       /* Unlike the device desc. config descs. are always in raw format */
-       *host_endian = 0;
-
-       /* Skip device header */
-       descriptors += DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH;
-       size -= DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH;
-
-       /* Seek till the config is found, or till "EOF" */
-       while (1) {
-               int next = seek_to_next_config(ctx, descriptors, size);
-               if (next < 0)
-                       return next;
-               config = (struct libusb_config_descriptor *)descriptors;
-               if (config->bConfigurationValue == value) {
-                       *buffer = descriptors;
-                       return next;
-               }
-               size -= next;
-               descriptors += next;
-       }
-}
-
-static int op_get_active_config_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev,
-       unsigned char *buffer, size_t len, int *host_endian)
-{
-       int r, config;
-       unsigned char *config_desc;
-
-       if (sysfs_can_relate_devices) {
-               r = sysfs_get_active_config(dev, &config);
-               if (r < 0)
-                       return r;
-       } else {
-               /* Use cached bConfigurationValue */
-               struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-               config = priv->active_config;
-       }
-       if (config == -1)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-
-       r = op_get_config_descriptor_by_value(dev, config, &config_desc,
-                                             host_endian);
-       if (r < 0)
-               return r;
-
-       len = MIN(len, r);
-       memcpy(buffer, config_desc, len);
-       return len;
-}
-
-static int op_get_config_descriptor(struct libusb_device *dev,
-       uint8_t config_index, unsigned char *buffer, size_t len, int *host_endian)
-{
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-       unsigned char *descriptors = priv->descriptors;
-       int i, r, size = priv->descriptors_len;
-
-       /* Unlike the device desc. config descs. are always in raw format */
-       *host_endian = 0;
-
-       /* Skip device header */
-       descriptors += DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH;
-       size -= DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH;
-
-       /* Seek till the config is found, or till "EOF" */
-       for (i = 0; ; i++) {
-               r = seek_to_next_config(DEVICE_CTX(dev), descriptors, size);
-               if (r < 0)
-                       return r;
-               if (i == config_index)
-                       break;
-               size -= r;
-               descriptors += r;
-       }
-
-       len = MIN(len, r);
-       memcpy(buffer, descriptors, len);
-       return len;
-}
-
-/* send a control message to retrieve active configuration */
-static int usbfs_get_active_config(struct libusb_device *dev, int fd)
-{
-       unsigned char active_config = 0;
-       int r;
-
-       struct usbfs_ctrltransfer ctrl = {
-               .bmRequestType = LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN,
-               .bRequest = LIBUSB_REQUEST_GET_CONFIGURATION,
-               .wValue = 0,
-               .wIndex = 0,
-               .wLength = 1,
-               .timeout = 1000,
-               .data = &active_config
-       };
-
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_CONTROL, &ctrl);
-       if (r < 0) {
-               if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               /* we hit this error path frequently with buggy devices :( */
-               usbi_warn(DEVICE_CTX(dev),
-                       "get_configuration failed ret=%d errno=%d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       return active_config;
-}
-
-static int initialize_device(struct libusb_device *dev, uint8_t busnum,
-       uint8_t devaddr, const char *sysfs_dir)
-{
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-       struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-       int descriptors_size = 512; /* Begin with a 1024 byte alloc */
-       int fd, speed;
-       ssize_t r;
-
-       dev->bus_number = busnum;
-       dev->device_address = devaddr;
-
-       if (sysfs_dir) {
-               priv->sysfs_dir = malloc(strlen(sysfs_dir) + 1);
-               if (!priv->sysfs_dir)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-               strcpy(priv->sysfs_dir, sysfs_dir);
-
-               /* Note speed can contain 1.5, in this case __read_sysfs_attr
-                  will stop parsing at the '.' and return 1 */
-               speed = __read_sysfs_attr(DEVICE_CTX(dev), sysfs_dir, "speed");
-               if (speed >= 0) {
-                       switch (speed) {
-                       case     1: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_LOW; break;
-                       case    12: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_FULL; break;
-                       case   480: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_HIGH; break;
-                       case  5000: dev->speed = LIBUSB_SPEED_SUPER; break;
-                       default:
-                               usbi_warn(DEVICE_CTX(dev), "Unknown device speed: %d Mbps", speed);
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-
-       /* cache descriptors in memory */
-       if (sysfs_has_descriptors)
-               fd = _open_sysfs_attr(dev, "descriptors");
-       else
-               fd = _get_usbfs_fd(dev, O_RDONLY, 0);
-       if (fd < 0)
-               return fd;
-
-       do {
-               descriptors_size *= 2;
-               priv->descriptors = usbi_reallocf(priv->descriptors,
-                                                 descriptors_size);
-               if (!priv->descriptors) {
-                       close(fd);
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-               }
-               /* usbfs has holes in the file */
-               if (!sysfs_has_descriptors) {
-                       memset(priv->descriptors + priv->descriptors_len,
-                              0, descriptors_size - priv->descriptors_len);
-               }
-               r = read(fd, priv->descriptors + priv->descriptors_len,
-                        descriptors_size - priv->descriptors_len);
-               if (r < 0) {
-                       usbi_err(ctx, "read descriptor failed ret=%d errno=%d",
-                                fd, errno);
-                       close(fd);
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-               }
-               priv->descriptors_len += r;
-       } while (priv->descriptors_len == descriptors_size);
-
-       close(fd);
-
-       if (priv->descriptors_len < DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "short descriptor read (%d)",
-                        priv->descriptors_len);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       if (sysfs_can_relate_devices)
-               return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-
-       /* cache active config */
-       fd = _get_usbfs_fd(dev, O_RDWR, 1);
-       if (fd < 0) {
-               /* cannot send a control message to determine the active
-                * config. just assume the first one is active. */
-               usbi_warn(ctx, "Missing rw usbfs access; cannot determine "
-                              "active configuration descriptor");
-               if (priv->descriptors_len >=
-                               (DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH + LIBUSB_DT_CONFIG_SIZE)) {
-                       struct libusb_config_descriptor config;
-                       usbi_parse_descriptor(
-                               priv->descriptors + DEVICE_DESC_LENGTH,
-                               "bbwbbbbb", &config, 0);
-                       priv->active_config = config.bConfigurationValue;
-               } else
-                       priv->active_config = -1; /* No config dt */
-
-               return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       }
-
-       r = usbfs_get_active_config(dev, fd);
-       if (r > 0) {
-               priv->active_config = r;
-               r = LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       } else if (r == 0) {
-               /* some buggy devices have a configuration 0, but we're
-                * reaching into the corner of a corner case here, so let's
-                * not support buggy devices in these circumstances.
-                * stick to the specs: a configuration value of 0 means
-                * unconfigured. */
-               usbi_dbg("active cfg 0? assuming unconfigured device");
-               priv->active_config = -1;
-               r = LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       } else if (r == LIBUSB_ERROR_IO) {
-               /* buggy devices sometimes fail to report their active config.
-                * assume unconfigured and continue the probing */
-               usbi_warn(ctx, "couldn't query active configuration, assuming"
-                              " unconfigured");
-               priv->active_config = -1;
-               r = LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       } /* else r < 0, just return the error code */
-
-       close(fd);
-       return r;
-}
-
-static int linux_get_parent_info(struct libusb_device *dev, const char *sysfs_dir)
-{
-       struct libusb_context *ctx = DEVICE_CTX(dev);
-       struct libusb_device *it;
-       char *parent_sysfs_dir, *tmp;
-       int ret, add_parent = 1;
-
-       /* XXX -- can we figure out the topology when using usbfs? */
-       if (NULL == sysfs_dir || 0 == strncmp(sysfs_dir, "usb", 3)) {
-               /* either using usbfs or finding the parent of a root hub */
-               return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       }
-
-       parent_sysfs_dir = strdup(sysfs_dir);
-       if (NULL != (tmp = strrchr(parent_sysfs_dir, '.')) ||
-           NULL != (tmp = strrchr(parent_sysfs_dir, '-'))) {
-               dev->port_number = atoi(tmp + 1);
-               *tmp = '\0';
-       } else {
-               usbi_warn(ctx, "Can not parse sysfs_dir: %s, no parent info",
-                         parent_sysfs_dir);
-               free (parent_sysfs_dir);
-               return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       }
-
-       /* is the parent a root hub? */
-       if (NULL == strchr(parent_sysfs_dir, '-')) {
-               tmp = parent_sysfs_dir;
-               ret = asprintf (&parent_sysfs_dir, "usb%s", tmp);
-               free (tmp);
-               if (0 > ret) {
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-               }
-       }
-
-retry:
-       /* find the parent in the context */
-       usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-       list_for_each_entry(it, &ctx->usb_devs, list, struct libusb_device) {
-               struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(it);
-               if (0 == strcmp (priv->sysfs_dir, parent_sysfs_dir)) {
-                       dev->parent_dev = libusb_ref_device(it);
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->usb_devs_lock);
-
-       if (!dev->parent_dev && add_parent) {
-               usbi_dbg("parent_dev %s not enumerated yet, enumerating now",
-                        parent_sysfs_dir);
-               sysfs_scan_device(ctx, parent_sysfs_dir);
-               add_parent = 0;
-               goto retry;
-       }
-
-       usbi_dbg("Dev %p (%s) has parent %p (%s) port %d", dev, sysfs_dir,
-                dev->parent_dev, parent_sysfs_dir, dev->port_number);
-
-       free (parent_sysfs_dir);
-
-       return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-int linux_enumerate_device(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-       uint8_t busnum, uint8_t devaddr, const char *sysfs_dir)
-{
-       unsigned long session_id;
-       struct libusb_device *dev;
-       int r = 0;
-
-       /* FIXME: session ID is not guaranteed unique as addresses can wrap and
-        * will be reused. instead we should add a simple sysfs attribute with
-        * a session ID. */
-       session_id = busnum << 8 | devaddr;
-       usbi_dbg("busnum %d devaddr %d session_id %ld", busnum, devaddr,
-               session_id);
-
-       dev = usbi_get_device_by_session_id(ctx, session_id);
-       if (dev) {
-               /* device already exists in the context */
-               usbi_dbg("session_id %ld already exists", session_id);
-               libusb_unref_device(dev);
-               return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-       }
-
-       usbi_dbg("allocating new device for %d/%d (session %ld)",
-                busnum, devaddr, session_id);
-       dev = usbi_alloc_device(ctx, session_id);
-       if (!dev)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-
-       r = initialize_device(dev, busnum, devaddr, sysfs_dir);
-       if (r < 0)
-               goto out;
-       r = usbi_sanitize_device(dev);
-       if (r < 0)
-               goto out;
-
-       r = linux_get_parent_info(dev, sysfs_dir);
-       if (r < 0)
-               goto out;
-out:
-       if (r < 0)
-               libusb_unref_device(dev);
-       else
-               usbi_connect_device(dev);
-
-       return r;
-}
-
-void linux_hotplug_enumerate(uint8_t busnum, uint8_t devaddr, const char *sys_name)
-{
-       struct libusb_context *ctx;
-
-       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-       list_for_each_entry(ctx, &active_contexts_list, list, struct libusb_context) {
-               linux_enumerate_device(ctx, busnum, devaddr, sys_name);
-       }
-       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-}
-
-void linux_device_disconnected(uint8_t busnum, uint8_t devaddr, const char *sys_name)
-{
-       struct libusb_context *ctx;
-       struct libusb_device *dev;
-       unsigned long session_id = busnum << 8 | devaddr;
-
-       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&active_contexts_lock);
-       list_for_each_entry(ctx, &active_contexts_list, list, struct libusb_context) {
-               dev = usbi_get_device_by_session_id (ctx, session_id);
-               if (NULL != dev) {
-                       usbi_disconnect_device (dev);
-                       libusb_unref_device(dev);
-               } else {
-                       usbi_dbg("device not found for session %x", session_id);
-               }
-       }
-       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&active_contexts_lock);
-}
-
-#if !defined(USE_UDEV)
-/* open a bus directory and adds all discovered devices to the context */
-static int usbfs_scan_busdir(struct libusb_context *ctx, uint8_t busnum)
-{
-       DIR *dir;
-       char dirpath[PATH_MAX];
-       struct dirent *entry;
-       int r = LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-
-       snprintf(dirpath, PATH_MAX, "%s/%03d", usbfs_path, busnum);
-       usbi_dbg("%s", dirpath);
-       dir = opendir(dirpath);
-       if (!dir) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "opendir '%s' failed, errno=%d", dirpath, errno);
-               /* FIXME: should handle valid race conditions like hub unplugged
-                * during directory iteration - this is not an error */
-               return r;
-       }
-
-       while ((entry = readdir(dir))) {
-               int devaddr;
-
-               if (entry->d_name[0] == '.')
-                       continue;
-
-               devaddr = atoi(entry->d_name);
-               if (devaddr == 0) {
-                       usbi_dbg("unknown dir entry %s", entry->d_name);
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if (linux_enumerate_device(ctx, busnum, (uint8_t) devaddr, NULL)) {
-                       usbi_dbg("failed to enumerate dir entry %s", entry->d_name);
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               r = 0;
-       }
-
-       closedir(dir);
-       return r;
-}
-
-static int usbfs_get_device_list(struct libusb_context *ctx)
-{
-       struct dirent *entry;
-       DIR *buses = opendir(usbfs_path);
-       int r = 0;
-
-       if (!buses) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "opendir buses failed errno=%d", errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       while ((entry = readdir(buses))) {
-               int busnum;
-
-               if (entry->d_name[0] == '.')
-                       continue;
-
-               if (usbdev_names) {
-                       int devaddr;
-                       if (!_is_usbdev_entry(entry, &busnum, &devaddr))
-                               continue;
-
-                       r = linux_enumerate_device(ctx, busnum, (uint8_t) devaddr, NULL);
-                       if (r < 0) {
-                               usbi_dbg("failed to enumerate dir entry %s", entry->d_name);
-                               continue;
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       busnum = atoi(entry->d_name);
-                       if (busnum == 0) {
-                               usbi_dbg("unknown dir entry %s", entry->d_name);
-                               continue;
-                       }
-
-                       r = usbfs_scan_busdir(ctx, busnum);
-                       if (r < 0)
-                               break;
-               }
-       }
-
-       closedir(buses);
-       return r;
-
-}
-#endif
-
-static int sysfs_scan_device(struct libusb_context *ctx, const char *devname)
-{
-       uint8_t busnum, devaddr;
-       int ret;
-
-       ret = linux_get_device_address (ctx, 0, &busnum, &devaddr, NULL, devname);
-       if (LIBUSB_SUCCESS != ret) {
-               return ret;
-       }
-
-       return linux_enumerate_device(ctx, busnum & 0xff, devaddr & 0xff,
-               devname);
-}
-
-#if !defined(USE_UDEV)
-static int sysfs_get_device_list(struct libusb_context *ctx)
-{
-       DIR *devices = opendir(SYSFS_DEVICE_PATH);
-       struct dirent *entry;
-       int r = LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-
-       if (!devices) {
-               usbi_err(ctx, "opendir devices failed errno=%d", errno);
-               return r;
-       }
-
-       while ((entry = readdir(devices))) {
-               if ((!isdigit(entry->d_name[0]) && strncmp(entry->d_name, "usb", 3))
-                               || strchr(entry->d_name, ':'))
-                       continue;
-
-               if (sysfs_scan_device(ctx, entry->d_name)) {
-                       usbi_dbg("failed to enumerate dir entry %s", entry->d_name);
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               r = 0;
-       }
-
-       closedir(devices);
-       return r;
-}
-
-static int linux_default_scan_devices (struct libusb_context *ctx)
-{
-       /* we can retrieve device list and descriptors from sysfs or usbfs.
-        * sysfs is preferable, because if we use usbfs we end up resuming
-        * any autosuspended USB devices. however, sysfs is not available
-        * everywhere, so we need a usbfs fallback too.
-        *
-        * as described in the "sysfs vs usbfs" comment at the top of this
-        * file, sometimes we have sysfs but not enough information to
-        * relate sysfs devices to usbfs nodes.  op_init() determines the
-        * adequacy of sysfs and sets sysfs_can_relate_devices.
-        */
-       if (sysfs_can_relate_devices != 0)
-               return sysfs_get_device_list(ctx);
-       else
-               return usbfs_get_device_list(ctx);
-}
-#endif
-
-static int op_open(struct libusb_device_handle *handle)
-{
-       struct linux_device_handle_priv *hpriv = _device_handle_priv(handle);
-       int r;
-
-       hpriv->fd = _get_usbfs_fd(handle->dev, O_RDWR, 0);
-       if (hpriv->fd < 0) {
-               if (hpriv->fd == LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE) {
-                       /* device will still be marked as attached if hotplug monitor thread
-                        * hasn't processed remove event yet */
-                       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&linux_hotplug_lock);
-                       if (handle->dev->attached) {
-                               usbi_dbg("open failed with no device, but device still attached");
-                               linux_device_disconnected(handle->dev->bus_number,
-                                               handle->dev->device_address, NULL);
-                       }
-                       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&linux_hotplug_lock);
-               }
-               return hpriv->fd;
-       }
-
-       r = ioctl(hpriv->fd, IOCTL_USBFS_GET_CAPABILITIES, &hpriv->caps);
-       if (r < 0) {
-               if (errno == ENOTTY)
-                       usbi_dbg("getcap not available");
-               else
-                       usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle), "getcap failed (%d)", errno);
-               hpriv->caps = 0;
-               if (supports_flag_zero_packet)
-                       hpriv->caps |= USBFS_CAP_ZERO_PACKET;
-               if (supports_flag_bulk_continuation)
-                       hpriv->caps |= USBFS_CAP_BULK_CONTINUATION;
-       }
-
-       return usbi_add_pollfd(HANDLE_CTX(handle), hpriv->fd, POLLOUT);
-}
-
-static void op_close(struct libusb_device_handle *dev_handle)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(dev_handle)->fd;
-       usbi_remove_pollfd(HANDLE_CTX(dev_handle), fd);
-       close(fd);
-}
-
-static int op_get_configuration(struct libusb_device_handle *handle,
-       int *config)
-{
-       int r;
-
-       if (sysfs_can_relate_devices) {
-               r = sysfs_get_active_config(handle->dev, config);
-       } else {
-               r = usbfs_get_active_config(handle->dev,
-                                           _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd);
-       }
-       if (r < 0)
-               return r;
-
-       if (*config == -1) {
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle), "device unconfigured");
-               *config = 0;
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int op_set_configuration(struct libusb_device_handle *handle, int config)
-{
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(handle->dev);
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       int r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_SETCONFIG, &config);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == EINVAL)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               else if (errno == EBUSY)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle), "failed, error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       /* update our cached active config descriptor */
-       priv->active_config = config;
-
-       return LIBUSB_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static int claim_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *handle, int iface)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       int r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_CLAIMINTF, &iface);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == ENOENT)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               else if (errno == EBUSY)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "claim interface failed, error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int release_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *handle, int iface)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       int r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_RELEASEINTF, &iface);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "release interface failed, error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int op_set_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *handle, int iface,
-       int altsetting)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       struct usbfs_setinterface setintf;
-       int r;
-
-       setintf.interface = iface;
-       setintf.altsetting = altsetting;
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_SETINTF, &setintf);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == EINVAL)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "setintf failed error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int op_clear_halt(struct libusb_device_handle *handle,
-       unsigned char endpoint)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       unsigned int _endpoint = endpoint;
-       int r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_CLEAR_HALT, &_endpoint);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == ENOENT)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "clear_halt failed error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int op_reset_device(struct libusb_device_handle *handle)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       int i, r, ret = 0;
-
-       /* Doing a device reset will cause the usbfs driver to get unbound
-          from any interfaces it is bound to. By voluntarily unbinding
-          the usbfs driver ourself, we stop the kernel from rebinding
-          the interface after reset (which would end up with the interface
-          getting bound to the in kernel driver if any). */
-       for (i = 0; i < USB_MAXINTERFACES; i++) {
-               if (handle->claimed_interfaces & (1L << i)) {
-                       release_interface(handle, i);
-               }
-       }
-
-       usbi_mutex_lock(&handle->lock);
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_RESET, NULL);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == ENODEV) {
-                       ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-                       goto out;
-               }
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "reset failed error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               goto out;
-       }
-
-       /* And re-claim any interfaces which were claimed before the reset */
-       for (i = 0; i < USB_MAXINTERFACES; i++) {
-               if (handle->claimed_interfaces & (1L << i)) {
-                       /*
-                        * A driver may have completed modprobing during
-                        * IOCTL_USBFS_RESET, and bound itself as soon as
-                        * IOCTL_USBFS_RESET released the device lock
-                        */
-                       r = detach_kernel_driver_and_claim(handle, i);
-                       if (r) {
-                               usbi_warn(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                                       "failed to re-claim interface %d after reset: %s",
-                                       i, libusb_error_name(r));
-                               handle->claimed_interfaces &= ~(1L << i);
-                               ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-out:
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&handle->lock);
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static int op_kernel_driver_active(struct libusb_device_handle *handle,
-       int interface)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       struct usbfs_getdriver getdrv;
-       int r;
-
-       getdrv.interface = interface;
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_GETDRIVER, &getdrv);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == ENODATA)
-                       return 0;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "get driver failed error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       return (strcmp(getdrv.driver, "usbfs") == 0) ? 0 : 1;
-}
-
-static int op_detach_kernel_driver(struct libusb_device_handle *handle,
-       int interface)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       struct usbfs_ioctl command;
-       struct usbfs_getdriver getdrv;
-       int r;
-
-       command.ifno = interface;
-       command.ioctl_code = IOCTL_USBFS_DISCONNECT;
-       command.data = NULL;
-
-       getdrv.interface = interface;
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_GETDRIVER, &getdrv);
-       if (r == 0 && strcmp(getdrv.driver, "usbfs") == 0)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_IOCTL, &command);
-       if (r) {
-               if (errno == ENODATA)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               else if (errno == EINVAL)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "detach failed error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int op_attach_kernel_driver(struct libusb_device_handle *handle,
-       int interface)
-{
-       int fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-       struct usbfs_ioctl command;
-       int r;
-
-       command.ifno = interface;
-       command.ioctl_code = IOCTL_USBFS_CONNECT;
-       command.data = NULL;
-
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_IOCTL, &command);
-       if (r < 0) {
-               if (errno == ENODATA)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               else if (errno == EINVAL)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-               else if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-               else if (errno == EBUSY)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "attach failed error %d errno %d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       } else if (r == 0) {
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int detach_kernel_driver_and_claim(struct libusb_device_handle *handle,
-       int interface)
-{
-       struct usbfs_disconnect_claim dc;
-       int r, fd = _device_handle_priv(handle)->fd;
-
-       dc.interface = interface;
-       strcpy(dc.driver, "usbfs");
-       dc.flags = USBFS_DISCONNECT_CLAIM_EXCEPT_DRIVER;
-       r = ioctl(fd, IOCTL_USBFS_DISCONNECT_CLAIM, &dc);
-       if (r == 0 || (r != 0 && errno != ENOTTY)) {
-               if (r == 0)
-                       return 0;
-
-               switch (errno) {
-               case EBUSY:
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-               case EINVAL:
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-               case ENODEV:
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-               }
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle),
-                       "disconnect-and-claim failed errno %d", errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-
-       /* Fallback code for kernels which don't support the
-          disconnect-and-claim ioctl */
-       r = op_detach_kernel_driver(handle, interface);
-       if (r != 0 && r != LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND)
-               return r;
-
-       return claim_interface(handle, interface);
-}
-
-static int op_claim_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *handle, int iface)
-{
-       if (handle->auto_detach_kernel_driver)
-               return detach_kernel_driver_and_claim(handle, iface);
-       else
-               return claim_interface(handle, iface);
-}
-
-static int op_release_interface(struct libusb_device_handle *handle, int iface)
-{
-       int r;
-
-       r = release_interface(handle, iface);
-       if (r)
-               return r;
-
-       if (handle->auto_detach_kernel_driver)
-               op_attach_kernel_driver(handle, iface);
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static void op_destroy_device(struct libusb_device *dev)
-{
-       struct linux_device_priv *priv = _device_priv(dev);
-       if (priv->descriptors)
-               free(priv->descriptors);
-       if (priv->sysfs_dir)
-               free(priv->sysfs_dir);
-}
-
-/* URBs are discarded in reverse order of submission to avoid races. */
-static int discard_urbs(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer, int first, int last_plus_one)
-{
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv =
-               usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       struct linux_device_handle_priv *dpriv =
-               _device_handle_priv(transfer->dev_handle);
-       int i, ret = 0;
-       struct usbfs_urb *urb;
-
-       for (i = last_plus_one - 1; i >= first; i--) {
-               if (LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS == transfer->type)
-                       urb = tpriv->iso_urbs[i];
-               else
-                       urb = &tpriv->urbs[i];
-
-               if (0 == ioctl(dpriv->fd, IOCTL_USBFS_DISCARDURB, urb))
-                       continue;
-
-               if (EINVAL == errno) {
-                       usbi_dbg("URB not found --> assuming ready to be reaped");
-                       if (i == (last_plus_one - 1))
-                               ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-               } else if (ENODEV == errno) {
-                       usbi_dbg("Device not found for URB --> assuming ready to be reaped");
-                       ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-               } else {
-                       usbi_warn(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                               "unrecognised discard errno %d", errno);
-                       ret = LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-               }
-       }
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static void free_iso_urbs(struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv)
-{
-       int i;
-       for (i = 0; i < tpriv->num_urbs; i++) {
-               struct usbfs_urb *urb = tpriv->iso_urbs[i];
-               if (!urb)
-                       break;
-               free(urb);
-       }
-
-       free(tpriv->iso_urbs);
-       tpriv->iso_urbs = NULL;
-}
-
-static int submit_bulk_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer,
-       unsigned char urb_type)
-{
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       struct linux_device_handle_priv *dpriv =
-               _device_handle_priv(transfer->dev_handle);
-       struct usbfs_urb *urbs;
-       int is_out = (transfer->endpoint & LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_DIR_MASK)
-               == LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT;
-       int bulk_buffer_len, use_bulk_continuation;
-       int r;
-       int i;
-       size_t alloc_size;
-
-       if (tpriv->urbs)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-
-       if (is_out && (transfer->flags & LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ADD_ZERO_PACKET) &&
-                       !(dpriv->caps & USBFS_CAP_ZERO_PACKET))
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-       /*
-        * Older versions of usbfs place a 16kb limit on bulk URBs. We work
-        * around this by splitting large transfers into 16k blocks, and then
-        * submit all urbs at once. it would be simpler to submit one urb at
-        * a time, but there is a big performance gain doing it this way.
-        *
-        * Newer versions lift the 16k limit (USBFS_CAP_NO_PACKET_SIZE_LIM),
-        * using arbritary large transfers can still be a bad idea though, as
-        * the kernel needs to allocate physical contiguous memory for this,
-        * which may fail for large buffers.
-        *
-        * The kernel solves this problem by splitting the transfer into
-        * blocks itself when the host-controller is scatter-gather capable
-        * (USBFS_CAP_BULK_SCATTER_GATHER), which most controllers are.
-        *
-        * Last, there is the issue of short-transfers when splitting, for
-        * short split-transfers to work reliable USBFS_CAP_BULK_CONTINUATION
-        * is needed, but this is not always available.
-        */
-       if (dpriv->caps & USBFS_CAP_BULK_SCATTER_GATHER) {
-               /* Good! Just submit everything in one go */
-               bulk_buffer_len = transfer->length ? transfer->length : 1;
-               use_bulk_continuation = 0;
-       } else if (dpriv->caps & USBFS_CAP_BULK_CONTINUATION) {
-               /* Split the transfers and use bulk-continuation to
-                  avoid issues with short-transfers */
-               bulk_buffer_len = MAX_BULK_BUFFER_LENGTH;
-               use_bulk_continuation = 1;
-       } else if (dpriv->caps & USBFS_CAP_NO_PACKET_SIZE_LIM) {
-               /* Don't split, assume the kernel can alloc the buffer
-                  (otherwise the submit will fail with -ENOMEM) */
-               bulk_buffer_len = transfer->length ? transfer->length : 1;
-               use_bulk_continuation = 0;
-       } else {
-               /* Bad, splitting without bulk-continuation, short transfers
-                  which end before the last urb will not work reliable! */
-               /* Note we don't warn here as this is "normal" on kernels <
-                  2.6.32 and not a problem for most applications */
-               bulk_buffer_len = MAX_BULK_BUFFER_LENGTH;
-               use_bulk_continuation = 0;
-       }
-
-       int num_urbs = transfer->length / bulk_buffer_len;
-       int last_urb_partial = 0;
-
-       if (transfer->length == 0) {
-               num_urbs = 1;
-       } else if ((transfer->length % bulk_buffer_len) > 0) {
-               last_urb_partial = 1;
-               num_urbs++;
-       }
-       usbi_dbg("need %d urbs for new transfer with length %d", num_urbs,
-               transfer->length);
-       alloc_size = num_urbs * sizeof(struct usbfs_urb);
-       urbs = calloc(1, alloc_size);
-       if (!urbs)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-       tpriv->urbs = urbs;
-       tpriv->num_urbs = num_urbs;
-       tpriv->num_retired = 0;
-       tpriv->reap_action = NORMAL;
-       tpriv->reap_status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED;
-
-       for (i = 0; i < num_urbs; i++) {
-               struct usbfs_urb *urb = &urbs[i];
-               urb->usercontext = itransfer;
-               urb->type = urb_type;
-               urb->endpoint = transfer->endpoint;
-               urb->buffer = transfer->buffer + (i * bulk_buffer_len);
-               /* don't set the short not ok flag for the last URB */
-               if (use_bulk_continuation && !is_out && (i < num_urbs - 1))
-                       urb->flags = USBFS_URB_SHORT_NOT_OK;
-               if (i == num_urbs - 1 && last_urb_partial)
-                       urb->buffer_length = transfer->length % bulk_buffer_len;
-               else if (transfer->length == 0)
-                       urb->buffer_length = 0;
-               else
-                       urb->buffer_length = bulk_buffer_len;
-
-               if (i > 0 && use_bulk_continuation)
-                       urb->flags |= USBFS_URB_BULK_CONTINUATION;
-
-               /* we have already checked that the flag is supported */
-               if (is_out && i == num_urbs - 1 &&
-                   transfer->flags & LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ADD_ZERO_PACKET)
-                       urb->flags |= USBFS_URB_ZERO_PACKET;
-
-               r = ioctl(dpriv->fd, IOCTL_USBFS_SUBMITURB, urb);
-               if (r < 0) {
-                       if (errno == ENODEV) {
-                               r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-                       } else {
-                               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                                       "submiturb failed error %d errno=%d", r, errno);
-                               r = LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-                       }
-
-                       /* if the first URB submission fails, we can simply free up and
-                        * return failure immediately. */
-                       if (i == 0) {
-                               usbi_dbg("first URB failed, easy peasy");
-                               free(urbs);
-                               tpriv->urbs = NULL;
-                               return r;
-                       }
-
-                       /* if it's not the first URB that failed, the situation is a bit
-                        * tricky. we may need to discard all previous URBs. there are
-                        * complications:
-                        *  - discarding is asynchronous - discarded urbs will be reaped
-                        *    later. the user must not have freed the transfer when the
-                        *    discarded URBs are reaped, otherwise libusb will be using
-                        *    freed memory.
-                        *  - the earlier URBs may have completed successfully and we do
-                        *    not want to throw away any data.
-                        *  - this URB failing may be no error; EREMOTEIO means that
-                        *    this transfer simply didn't need all the URBs we submitted
-                        * so, we report that the transfer was submitted successfully and
-                        * in case of error we discard all previous URBs. later when
-                        * the final reap completes we can report error to the user,
-                        * or success if an earlier URB was completed successfully.
-                        */
-                       tpriv->reap_action = EREMOTEIO == errno ? COMPLETED_EARLY : SUBMIT_FAILED;
-
-                       /* The URBs we haven't submitted yet we count as already
-                        * retired. */
-                       tpriv->num_retired += num_urbs - i;
-
-                       /* If we completed short then don't try to discard. */
-                       if (COMPLETED_EARLY == tpriv->reap_action)
-                               return 0;
-
-                       discard_urbs(itransfer, 0, i);
-
-                       usbi_dbg("reporting successful submission but waiting for %d "
-                               "discards before reporting error", i);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int submit_iso_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer)
-{
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       struct linux_device_handle_priv *dpriv =
-               _device_handle_priv(transfer->dev_handle);
-       struct usbfs_urb **urbs;
-       size_t alloc_size;
-       int num_packets = transfer->num_iso_packets;
-       int i;
-       int this_urb_len = 0;
-       int num_urbs = 1;
-       int packet_offset = 0;
-       unsigned int packet_len;
-       unsigned char *urb_buffer = transfer->buffer;
-
-       if (tpriv->iso_urbs)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-
-       /* usbfs places a 32kb limit on iso URBs. we divide up larger requests
-        * into smaller units to meet such restriction, then fire off all the
-        * units at once. it would be simpler if we just fired one unit at a time,
-        * but there is a big performance gain through doing it this way.
-        *
-        * Newer kernels lift the 32k limit (USBFS_CAP_NO_PACKET_SIZE_LIM),
-        * using arbritary large transfers is still be a bad idea though, as
-        * the kernel needs to allocate physical contiguous memory for this,
-        * which may fail for large buffers.
-        */
-
-       /* calculate how many URBs we need */
-       for (i = 0; i < num_packets; i++) {
-               unsigned int space_remaining = MAX_ISO_BUFFER_LENGTH - this_urb_len;
-               packet_len = transfer->iso_packet_desc[i].length;
-
-               if (packet_len > space_remaining) {
-                       num_urbs++;
-                       this_urb_len = packet_len;
-               } else {
-                       this_urb_len += packet_len;
-               }
-       }
-       usbi_dbg("need %d 32k URBs for transfer", num_urbs);
-
-       alloc_size = num_urbs * sizeof(*urbs);
-       urbs = calloc(1, alloc_size);
-       if (!urbs)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-
-       tpriv->iso_urbs = urbs;
-       tpriv->num_urbs = num_urbs;
-       tpriv->num_retired = 0;
-       tpriv->reap_action = NORMAL;
-       tpriv->iso_packet_offset = 0;
-
-       /* allocate + initialize each URB with the correct number of packets */
-       for (i = 0; i < num_urbs; i++) {
-               struct usbfs_urb *urb;
-               unsigned int space_remaining_in_urb = MAX_ISO_BUFFER_LENGTH;
-               int urb_packet_offset = 0;
-               unsigned char *urb_buffer_orig = urb_buffer;
-               int j;
-               int k;
-
-               /* swallow up all the packets we can fit into this URB */
-               while (packet_offset < transfer->num_iso_packets) {
-                       packet_len = transfer->iso_packet_desc[packet_offset].length;
-                       if (packet_len <= space_remaining_in_urb) {
-                               /* throw it in */
-                               urb_packet_offset++;
-                               packet_offset++;
-                               space_remaining_in_urb -= packet_len;
-                               urb_buffer += packet_len;
-                       } else {
-                               /* it can't fit, save it for the next URB */
-                               break;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               alloc_size = sizeof(*urb)
-                       + (urb_packet_offset * sizeof(struct usbfs_iso_packet_desc));
-               urb = calloc(1, alloc_size);
-               if (!urb) {
-                       free_iso_urbs(tpriv);
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-               }
-               urbs[i] = urb;
-
-               /* populate packet lengths */
-               for (j = 0, k = packet_offset - urb_packet_offset;
-                               k < packet_offset; k++, j++) {
-                       packet_len = transfer->iso_packet_desc[k].length;
-                       urb->iso_frame_desc[j].length = packet_len;
-               }
-
-               urb->usercontext = itransfer;
-               urb->type = USBFS_URB_TYPE_ISO;
-               /* FIXME: interface for non-ASAP data? */
-               urb->flags = USBFS_URB_ISO_ASAP;
-               urb->endpoint = transfer->endpoint;
-               urb->number_of_packets = urb_packet_offset;
-               urb->buffer = urb_buffer_orig;
-       }
-
-       /* submit URBs */
-       for (i = 0; i < num_urbs; i++) {
-               int r = ioctl(dpriv->fd, IOCTL_USBFS_SUBMITURB, urbs[i]);
-               if (r < 0) {
-                       if (errno == ENODEV) {
-                               r = LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-                       } else {
-                               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                                       "submiturb failed error %d errno=%d", r, errno);
-                               r = LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-                       }
-
-                       /* if the first URB submission fails, we can simply free up and
-                        * return failure immediately. */
-                       if (i == 0) {
-                               usbi_dbg("first URB failed, easy peasy");
-                               free_iso_urbs(tpriv);
-                               return r;
-                       }
-
-                       /* if it's not the first URB that failed, the situation is a bit
-                        * tricky. we must discard all previous URBs. there are
-                        * complications:
-                        *  - discarding is asynchronous - discarded urbs will be reaped
-                        *    later. the user must not have freed the transfer when the
-                        *    discarded URBs are reaped, otherwise libusb will be using
-                        *    freed memory.
-                        *  - the earlier URBs may have completed successfully and we do
-                        *    not want to throw away any data.
-                        * so, in this case we discard all the previous URBs BUT we report
-                        * that the transfer was submitted successfully. then later when
-                        * the final discard completes we can report error to the user.
-                        */
-                       tpriv->reap_action = SUBMIT_FAILED;
-
-                       /* The URBs we haven't submitted yet we count as already
-                        * retired. */
-                       tpriv->num_retired = num_urbs - i;
-                       discard_urbs(itransfer, 0, i);
-
-                       usbi_dbg("reporting successful submission but waiting for %d "
-                               "discards before reporting error", i);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-       }
-
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int submit_control_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer)
-{
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       struct linux_device_handle_priv *dpriv =
-               _device_handle_priv(transfer->dev_handle);
-       struct usbfs_urb *urb;
-       int r;
-
-       if (tpriv->urbs)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_BUSY;
-
-       if (transfer->length - LIBUSB_CONTROL_SETUP_SIZE > MAX_CTRL_BUFFER_LENGTH)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-
-       urb = calloc(1, sizeof(struct usbfs_urb));
-       if (!urb)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_MEM;
-       tpriv->urbs = urb;
-       tpriv->num_urbs = 1;
-       tpriv->reap_action = NORMAL;
-
-       urb->usercontext = itransfer;
-       urb->type = USBFS_URB_TYPE_CONTROL;
-       urb->endpoint = transfer->endpoint;
-       urb->buffer = transfer->buffer;
-       urb->buffer_length = transfer->length;
-
-       r = ioctl(dpriv->fd, IOCTL_USBFS_SUBMITURB, urb);
-       if (r < 0) {
-               free(urb);
-               tpriv->urbs = NULL;
-               if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                       "submiturb failed error %d errno=%d", r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int op_submit_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer)
-{
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-
-       switch (transfer->type) {
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL:
-               return submit_control_transfer(itransfer);
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK:
-               return submit_bulk_transfer(itransfer, USBFS_URB_TYPE_BULK);
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT:
-               return submit_bulk_transfer(itransfer, USBFS_URB_TYPE_INTERRUPT);
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS:
-               return submit_iso_transfer(itransfer);
-       default:
-               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                       "unknown endpoint type %d", transfer->type);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-       }
-}
-
-static int op_cancel_transfer(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer)
-{
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-
-       switch (transfer->type) {
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK:
-               if (tpriv->reap_action == ERROR)
-                       break;
-               /* else, fall through */
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL:
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT:
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS:
-               tpriv->reap_action = CANCELLED;
-               break;
-       default:
-               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                       "unknown endpoint type %d", transfer->type);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-       }
-
-       if (!tpriv->urbs)
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-
-       return discard_urbs(itransfer, 0, tpriv->num_urbs);
-}
-
-static void op_clear_transfer_priv(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer)
-{
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-
-       /* urbs can be freed also in submit_transfer so lock mutex first */
-       switch (transfer->type) {
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL:
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK:
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT:
-               usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
-               if (tpriv->urbs)
-                       free(tpriv->urbs);
-               tpriv->urbs = NULL;
-               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-               break;
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS:
-               usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
-               if (tpriv->iso_urbs)
-                       free_iso_urbs(tpriv);
-               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-               break;
-       default:
-               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                       "unknown endpoint type %d", transfer->type);
-       }
-}
-
-static int handle_bulk_completion(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer,
-       struct usbfs_urb *urb)
-{
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       int urb_idx = urb - tpriv->urbs;
-
-       usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
-       usbi_dbg("handling completion status %d of bulk urb %d/%d", urb->status,
-               urb_idx + 1, tpriv->num_urbs);
-
-       tpriv->num_retired++;
-
-       if (tpriv->reap_action != NORMAL) {
-               /* cancelled, submit_fail, or completed early */
-               usbi_dbg("abnormal reap: urb status %d", urb->status);
-
-               /* even though we're in the process of cancelling, it's possible that
-                * we may receive some data in these URBs that we don't want to lose.
-                * examples:
-                * 1. while the kernel is cancelling all the packets that make up an
-                *    URB, a few of them might complete. so we get back a successful
-                *    cancellation *and* some data.
-                * 2. we receive a short URB which marks the early completion condition,
-                *    so we start cancelling the remaining URBs. however, we're too
-                *    slow and another URB completes (or at least completes partially).
-                *    (this can't happen since we always use BULK_CONTINUATION.)
-                *
-                * When this happens, our objectives are not to lose any "surplus" data,
-                * and also to stick it at the end of the previously-received data
-                * (closing any holes), so that libusb reports the total amount of
-                * transferred data and presents it in a contiguous chunk.
-                */
-               if (urb->actual_length > 0) {
-                       unsigned char *target = transfer->buffer + itransfer->transferred;
-                       usbi_dbg("received %d bytes of surplus data", urb->actual_length);
-                       if (urb->buffer != target) {
-                               usbi_dbg("moving surplus data from offset %d to offset %d",
-                                       (unsigned char *) urb->buffer - transfer->buffer,
-                                       target - transfer->buffer);
-                               memmove(target, urb->buffer, urb->actual_length);
-                       }
-                       itransfer->transferred += urb->actual_length;
-               }
-
-               if (tpriv->num_retired == tpriv->num_urbs) {
-                       usbi_dbg("abnormal reap: last URB handled, reporting");
-                       if (tpriv->reap_action != COMPLETED_EARLY &&
-                           tpriv->reap_status == LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED)
-                               tpriv->reap_status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-                       goto completed;
-               }
-               goto out_unlock;
-       }
-
-       itransfer->transferred += urb->actual_length;
-
-       /* Many of these errors can occur on *any* urb of a multi-urb
-        * transfer.  When they do, we tear down the rest of the transfer.
-        */
-       switch (urb->status) {
-       case 0:
-               break;
-       case -EREMOTEIO: /* short transfer */
-               break;
-       case -ENOENT: /* cancelled */
-       case -ECONNRESET:
-               break;
-       case -ENODEV:
-       case -ESHUTDOWN:
-               usbi_dbg("device removed");
-               tpriv->reap_status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE;
-               goto cancel_remaining;
-       case -EPIPE:
-               usbi_dbg("detected endpoint stall");
-               if (tpriv->reap_status == LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED)
-                       tpriv->reap_status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL;
-               goto cancel_remaining;
-       case -EOVERFLOW:
-               /* overflow can only ever occur in the last urb */
-               usbi_dbg("overflow, actual_length=%d", urb->actual_length);
-               if (tpriv->reap_status == LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED)
-                       tpriv->reap_status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW;
-               goto completed;
-       case -ETIME:
-       case -EPROTO:
-       case -EILSEQ:
-       case -ECOMM:
-       case -ENOSR:
-               usbi_dbg("low level error %d", urb->status);
-               tpriv->reap_action = ERROR;
-               goto cancel_remaining;
-       default:
-               usbi_warn(ITRANSFER_CTX(itransfer),
-                       "unrecognised urb status %d", urb->status);
-               tpriv->reap_action = ERROR;
-               goto cancel_remaining;
-       }
-
-       /* if we're the last urb or we got less data than requested then we're
-        * done */
-       if (urb_idx == tpriv->num_urbs - 1) {
-               usbi_dbg("last URB in transfer --> complete!");
-               goto completed;
-       } else if (urb->actual_length < urb->buffer_length) {
-               usbi_dbg("short transfer %d/%d --> complete!",
-                       urb->actual_length, urb->buffer_length);
-               if (tpriv->reap_action == NORMAL)
-                       tpriv->reap_action = COMPLETED_EARLY;
-       } else
-               goto out_unlock;
-
-cancel_remaining:
-       if (ERROR == tpriv->reap_action && LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED == tpriv->reap_status)
-               tpriv->reap_status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-
-       if (tpriv->num_retired == tpriv->num_urbs) /* nothing to cancel */
-               goto completed;
-
-       /* cancel remaining urbs and wait for their completion before
-        * reporting results */
-       discard_urbs(itransfer, urb_idx + 1, tpriv->num_urbs);
-
-out_unlock:
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-       return 0;
-
-completed:
-       free(tpriv->urbs);
-       tpriv->urbs = NULL;
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-       return CANCELLED == tpriv->reap_action ?
-               usbi_handle_transfer_cancellation(itransfer) :
-               usbi_handle_transfer_completion(itransfer, tpriv->reap_status);
-}
-
-static int handle_iso_completion(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer,
-       struct usbfs_urb *urb)
-{
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer =
-               USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       int num_urbs = tpriv->num_urbs;
-       int urb_idx = 0;
-       int i;
-       enum libusb_transfer_status status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED;
-
-       usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
-       for (i = 0; i < num_urbs; i++) {
-               if (urb == tpriv->iso_urbs[i]) {
-                       urb_idx = i + 1;
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-       if (urb_idx == 0) {
-               usbi_err(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer), "could not locate urb!");
-               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-       }
-
-       usbi_dbg("handling completion status %d of iso urb %d/%d", urb->status,
-               urb_idx, num_urbs);
-
-       /* copy isochronous results back in */
-
-       for (i = 0; i < urb->number_of_packets; i++) {
-               struct usbfs_iso_packet_desc *urb_desc = &urb->iso_frame_desc[i];
-               struct libusb_iso_packet_descriptor *lib_desc =
-                       &transfer->iso_packet_desc[tpriv->iso_packet_offset++];
-               lib_desc->status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED;
-               switch (urb_desc->status) {
-               case 0:
-                       break;
-               case -ENOENT: /* cancelled */
-               case -ECONNRESET:
-                       break;
-               case -ENODEV:
-               case -ESHUTDOWN:
-                       usbi_dbg("device removed");
-                       lib_desc->status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE;
-                       break;
-               case -EPIPE:
-                       usbi_dbg("detected endpoint stall");
-                       lib_desc->status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL;
-                       break;
-               case -EOVERFLOW:
-                       usbi_dbg("overflow error");
-                       lib_desc->status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW;
-                       break;
-               case -ETIME:
-               case -EPROTO:
-               case -EILSEQ:
-               case -ECOMM:
-               case -ENOSR:
-               case -EXDEV:
-                       usbi_dbg("low-level USB error %d", urb_desc->status);
-                       lib_desc->status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-                       break;
-               default:
-                       usbi_warn(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                               "unrecognised urb status %d", urb_desc->status);
-                       lib_desc->status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-                       break;
-               }
-               lib_desc->actual_length = urb_desc->actual_length;
-       }
-
-       tpriv->num_retired++;
-
-       if (tpriv->reap_action != NORMAL) { /* cancelled or submit_fail */
-               usbi_dbg("CANCEL: urb status %d", urb->status);
-
-               if (tpriv->num_retired == num_urbs) {
-                       usbi_dbg("CANCEL: last URB handled, reporting");
-                       free_iso_urbs(tpriv);
-                       if (tpriv->reap_action == CANCELLED) {
-                               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-                               return usbi_handle_transfer_cancellation(itransfer);
-                       } else {
-                               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-                               return usbi_handle_transfer_completion(itransfer,
-                                       LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR);
-                       }
-               }
-               goto out;
-       }
-
-       switch (urb->status) {
-       case 0:
-               break;
-       case -ENOENT: /* cancelled */
-       case -ECONNRESET:
-               break;
-       case -ESHUTDOWN:
-               usbi_dbg("device removed");
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE;
-               break;
-       default:
-               usbi_warn(TRANSFER_CTX(transfer),
-                       "unrecognised urb status %d", urb->status);
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-               break;
-       }
-
-       /* if we're the last urb then we're done */
-       if (urb_idx == num_urbs) {
-               usbi_dbg("last URB in transfer --> complete!");
-               free_iso_urbs(tpriv);
-               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-               return usbi_handle_transfer_completion(itransfer, status);
-       }
-
-out:
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-       return 0;
-}
-
-static int handle_control_completion(struct usbi_transfer *itransfer,
-       struct usbfs_urb *urb)
-{
-       struct linux_transfer_priv *tpriv = usbi_transfer_get_os_priv(itransfer);
-       int status;
-
-       usbi_mutex_lock(&itransfer->lock);
-       usbi_dbg("handling completion status %d", urb->status);
-
-       itransfer->transferred += urb->actual_length;
-
-       if (tpriv->reap_action == CANCELLED) {
-               if (urb->status != 0 && urb->status != -ENOENT)
-                       usbi_warn(ITRANSFER_CTX(itransfer),
-                               "cancel: unrecognised urb status %d", urb->status);
-               free(tpriv->urbs);
-               tpriv->urbs = NULL;
-               usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-               return usbi_handle_transfer_cancellation(itransfer);
-       }
-
-       switch (urb->status) {
-       case 0:
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_COMPLETED;
-               break;
-       case -ENOENT: /* cancelled */
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_CANCELLED;
-               break;
-       case -ENODEV:
-       case -ESHUTDOWN:
-               usbi_dbg("device removed");
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_NO_DEVICE;
-               break;
-       case -EPIPE:
-               usbi_dbg("unsupported control request");
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_STALL;
-               break;
-       case -EOVERFLOW:
-               usbi_dbg("control overflow error");
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_OVERFLOW;
-               break;
-       case -ETIME:
-       case -EPROTO:
-       case -EILSEQ:
-       case -ECOMM:
-       case -ENOSR:
-               usbi_dbg("low-level bus error occurred");
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-               break;
-       default:
-               usbi_warn(ITRANSFER_CTX(itransfer),
-                       "unrecognised urb status %d", urb->status);
-               status = LIBUSB_TRANSFER_ERROR;
-               break;
-       }
-
-       free(tpriv->urbs);
-       tpriv->urbs = NULL;
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&itransfer->lock);
-       return usbi_handle_transfer_completion(itransfer, status);
-}
-
-static int reap_for_handle(struct libusb_device_handle *handle)
-{
-       struct linux_device_handle_priv *hpriv = _device_handle_priv(handle);
-       int r;
-       struct usbfs_urb *urb;
-       struct usbi_transfer *itransfer;
-       struct libusb_transfer *transfer;
-
-       r = ioctl(hpriv->fd, IOCTL_USBFS_REAPURBNDELAY, &urb);
-       if (r == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
-               return 1;
-       if (r < 0) {
-               if (errno == ENODEV)
-                       return LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE;
-
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle), "reap failed error %d errno=%d",
-                       r, errno);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_IO;
-       }
-
-       itransfer = urb->usercontext;
-       transfer = USBI_TRANSFER_TO_LIBUSB_TRANSFER(itransfer);
-
-       usbi_dbg("urb type=%d status=%d transferred=%d", urb->type, urb->status,
-               urb->actual_length);
-
-       switch (transfer->type) {
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_ISOCHRONOUS:
-               return handle_iso_completion(itransfer, urb);
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_BULK:
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_INTERRUPT:
-               return handle_bulk_completion(itransfer, urb);
-       case LIBUSB_TRANSFER_TYPE_CONTROL:
-               return handle_control_completion(itransfer, urb);
-       default:
-               usbi_err(HANDLE_CTX(handle), "unrecognised endpoint type %x",
-                       transfer->type);
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_OTHER;
-       }
-}
-
-static int op_handle_events(struct libusb_context *ctx,
-       struct pollfd *fds, POLL_NFDS_TYPE nfds, int num_ready)
-{
-       int r;
-       unsigned int i = 0;
-
-       usbi_mutex_lock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-       for (i = 0; i < nfds && num_ready > 0; i++) {
-               struct pollfd *pollfd = &fds[i];
-               struct libusb_device_handle *handle;
-               struct linux_device_handle_priv *hpriv = NULL;
-
-               if (!pollfd->revents)
-                       continue;
-
-               num_ready--;
-               list_for_each_entry(handle, &ctx->open_devs, list, struct libusb_device_handle) {
-                       hpriv = _device_handle_priv(handle);
-                       if (hpriv->fd == pollfd->fd)
-                               break;
-               }
-
-               if (pollfd->revents & POLLERR) {
-                       usbi_remove_pollfd(HANDLE_CTX(handle), hpriv->fd);
-                       usbi_handle_disconnect(handle);
-                       /* device will still be marked as attached if hotplug monitor thread
-                        * hasn't processed remove event yet */
-                       usbi_mutex_static_lock(&linux_hotplug_lock);
-                       if (handle->dev->attached)
-                               linux_device_disconnected(handle->dev->bus_number,
-                                               handle->dev->device_address, NULL);
-                       usbi_mutex_static_unlock(&linux_hotplug_lock);
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               do {
-                       r = reap_for_handle(handle);
-               } while (r == 0);
-               if (r == 1 || r == LIBUSB_ERROR_NO_DEVICE)
-                       continue;
-               else if (r < 0)
-                       goto out;
-       }
-
-       r = 0;
-out:
-       usbi_mutex_unlock(&ctx->open_devs_lock);
-       return r;
-}
-
-static int op_clock_gettime(int clk_id, struct timespec *tp)
-{
-       switch (clk_id) {
-       case USBI_CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
-               return clock_gettime(monotonic_clkid, tp);
-       case USBI_CLOCK_REALTIME:
-               return clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, tp);
-       default:
-               return LIBUSB_ERROR_INVALID_PARAM;
-  }
-}
-
-#ifdef USBI_TIMERFD_AVAILABLE
-static clockid_t op_get_timerfd_clockid(void)
-{
-       return monotonic_clkid;
-
-}
-#endif
-
-const struct usbi_os_backend linux_usbfs_backend = {
-       .name = "Linux usbfs",
-       .caps = USBI_CAP_HAS_HID_ACCESS|USBI_CAP_SUPPORTS_DETACH_KERNEL_DRIVER,
-       .init = op_init,
-       .exit = op_exit,
-       .get_device_list = NULL,
-       .hotplug_poll = op_hotplug_poll,
-       .get_device_descriptor = op_get_device_descriptor,
-       .get_active_config_descriptor = op_get_active_config_descriptor,
-       .get_config_descriptor = op_get_config_descriptor,
-       .get_config_descriptor_by_value = op_get_config_descriptor_by_value,
-
-       .open = op_open,
-       .close = op_close,
-       .get_configuration = op_get_configuration,
-       .set_configuration = op_set_configuration,
-       .claim_interface = op_claim_interface,
-       .release_interface = op_release_interface,
-
-       .set_interface_altsetting = op_set_interface,
-       .clear_halt = op_clear_halt,
-       .reset_device = op_reset_device,
-
-       .kernel_driver_active = op_kernel_driver_active,
-       .detach_kernel_driver = op_detach_kernel_driver,
-       .attach_kernel_driver = op_attach_kernel_driver,
-
-       .destroy_device = op_destroy_device,
-
-       .submit_transfer = op_submit_transfer,
-       .cancel_transfer = op_cancel_transfer,
-       .clear_transfer_priv = op_clear_transfer_priv,
-
-       .handle_events = op_handle_events,
-
-       .clock_gettime = op_clock_gettime,
-
-#ifdef USBI_TIMERFD_AVAILABLE
-       .get_timerfd_clockid = op_get_timerfd_clockid,
-#endif
-
-       .device_priv_size = sizeof(struct linux_device_priv),
-       .device_handle_priv_size = sizeof(struct linux_device_handle_priv),
-       .transfer_priv_size = sizeof(struct linux_transfer_priv),
-       .add_iso_packet_size = 0,
-};